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Medicine Group Research Article Article ID: igmin312

Unraveling Cognitive Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Seattle Longitudinal Study and Recent Breakthroughs

Public Health DOI10.61927/igmin312 Affiliation

Affiliation

    K. International School Tokyo, Japan

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Abstract

The Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), initiated in 1956 by Dr. K. Warner Schaie, is one of the most comprehensive psychological research studies on cognitive aging. It aims to investigate various aspects of psychological development throughout adulthood, defined within the age range of 22 to 70. It focuses on individual differences and differential patterns of change for selected psychometric abilities from young adulthood to midlife to old age. It has determined the magnitude and relative importance of age changes in various cohorts in different skills [1].

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References

    1. About SLS - Seattle Longitudinal Study. University of Washington Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences [Internet].
    2. Schaie KW, Willis SL, Caskie GIL. The Seattle Longitudinal Study: Relationship between personality and cognition [Internet]. University of Washington Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; 2020 Mar.
    3. Seattle Longitudinal Study - UW Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences. University of Washington Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences [Internet].
    4. Hertzog C. Methodological issues in the assessment of fluid and crystallized intelligence in aging research. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, editors. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 6th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2010;117–34.
    5. Schaie KW. Intellectual Development in Adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1996.
    6. Schaie KW. Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
    7. Schaie KW. Impact of life-course factors on patterns of cognitive aging. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, editors. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000;217–32.
    8. Schaie KW. Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005.
    9. Prinzie P, Onghena P. Modeling developmental change: Applications of multilevel modeling to longitudinal data. In: Laursen B, Little TD, Card NA, editors. Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data. New York: Routledge; 2005;11–28.
    10. Nordlund A, Påhlsson B, Holmberg H, Lind K, Wallin J. Cognitive aging: Progress in understanding and opportunities for action. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011.
    11. Kennison RF, Situ D, Reyes N, Ahacic K. Cohort effects. In: Pachana NA, editor. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2016;1–9.
    12. Schaie KW, Willis SL. The Seattle Longitudinal Study of adult cognitive development. NIH Public Access [Internet]. 2010
    13. Schaie KW, Willis SL, Caskie GIL. The Seattle Longitudinal Study: Relationship between personality and cognition [Internet]. University of Washington Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; 2020.
    14. Schaie KW. The Seattle Longitudinal Study: a thirty-five-year inquiry of adult intellectual development. Z Gerontol. 1993 May-Jun;26(3):129-37. PMID: 8337905.
    15. Abramson A. Psychology is improving brain health and aging. Am Psychol Assoc [Internet]. 2024.
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    20. Khalil R, Godde B, Karim AA. The Link Between Creativity, Cognition, and Creative Drives and Underlying Neural Mechanisms. Front Neural Circuits. 2019 Mar 22;13:18. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00018. PMID: 30967763; PMCID: PMC6440443.
    21. Maelstrom Research. Maelstrom research - Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) [Internet]. Maelstrom Research; [cited 2025 Apr 5].
    22. Qwen3-235B-A22B (Apr 29 version) [Large language model]. 2025.
    23. Schaie KW. Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
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    28. Yu C, Beckmann JF, Birney DP. Cognitive flexibility as a meta-competency / Flexibilidad cognitiva como meta-competencia. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2019;40(3):563–84.
    29. Zhao S, Li Y, Shi Y, Li X. Cognitive Aging: How the Brain Ages? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1419:9-21. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_2. PMID: 37418203.

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