Early Online (Volume - 3 | Issue - 11) at IgMin Research

Here, we review what is known about the distribution of accessible H2O on Mars. While “Accessible” in this review implies within about 5 m of the surface, at an elevation at least 2 km lower than the MOLA Datum, and at a latitude within ±20°, possibly extendable to ±30°, we have extended our review to cover observations of  H2O at moderate depth within the latitude range ±60°. Twenty years ago, the neutron spectra and initial ice stability models suggested that ground ice on Mars was likely... to be rare equatorward of about 50° latitude. Since then, observation after observation from orbit (using radar, photography and spectroscopy) revealed the likely presence of huge amounts of imbedded ice within the subsurface of Mars, at various depths mostly at so-called “mid-latitudes”. As a result, the pendulum has swung to the point that some enthusiastically suggest that ground ice occurs almost everywhere on Mars. We reviewed the various observations and analyses regarding H2O on Mars. Near-surface ice has been observed, spectra and radar have implied, and ground features have been interpreted to indicate that in wide areas of Mars, shallow ice apparently occurs at latitudes greater than 40° and at a few locations, persists into the 30s. The depths of such putative ice are not well known. Further study with much higher resolution might possibly reveal shallow ice at lower latitudes in unique locations. Mineral hydrates might offer a possible alternative as a supply of H2O.Read more

Laser Bed Powder Fusion (LBPF) has significantly simplified and accelerated solving complex design challenges, owing to the design flexibility it introduces to additive manufacturing. This technology enables the creation of innovative structures and intricate geometries in a single processing step, in contrast to conventional manufacturing techniques that necessitate multiple stages. Consequently, LBPF lowers production costs, shortens time to market, and enhances the rapid replenishment of stock components. To assess and validate the additive ...manufacturing process across various applications, it is essential to examine the mechanical, microstructural, and, in certain instances, corrosion characteristics of the materials. The impact of different additive manufacturing laser printing parameters with the goal of enhancing production speed and the quality of parts fabricated from 316L stainless steel, while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, was analyzed. This involves selectively adjusting parameters such as laser power, hatch spacing, and laser speed for 20-micron layers that were compared to our standard 40-micron layer parameters. Additionally, evaluations of metallurgical, mechanical, and electrochemical potentiodynamic (corrosion) properties are conducted.Read more

Digital stethoscopes, combined with artificial intelligence (AI), are transforming clinical auscultation across pediatrics, cardiology, and pulmonology. This review summarizes recent evidence-based studies evaluating AI-assisted digital stethoscopes for the detection and classification of heart and lung sounds. Data indicate improved diagnostic accuracy, enhanced objectivity, and potential applications in low-resource and telemedicine settings. Meta-analysis of key studies shows significant increases in sensitivity, specificity, and AUC compare...d with traditional auscultation. Future perspectives include wearable devices, multimodal diagnostics, personalized sound profiling, augmented reality integration, and interoperability within the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).Read more

Is classroom chemistry in need of a radical change? In nature, chemistry is entangled in a complex relationship with its surroundings. From an educator’s perspective, this could be challenging as we struggle to connect the dots in the face of a teaching curriculum that is not well coordinated to this idea.

In this study, clustering of four distinct three-dimensional (3-D) objects—‘triangle-square’, ‘circle-square’, ‘triangle-circle’, and ‘square-triangle’—was performed using a phase-only digital holographic image dataset. The dataset was generated through Phase-Shifting Digital Holography (PSDH), wherein digital holograms of the objects were captured and numerically reconstructed to extract the corresponding phase images. To enhance dataset diversity, each phase image was subjected to ro...tational augmentation at 0.5-degree intervals, resulting in a total of 2880 images. Three clustering algorithms—k-means, affinity propagation, and mean shift—were independently applied to the dataset to evaluate their effectiveness in grouping the holographic phase images. The clustering performance was quantitatively assessed using a comprehensive set of evaluation metrics, including: accuracy score, Rand index, adjusted Rand index, mutual information score, adjusted mutual information score, homogeneity score, completeness score, V-measure, Fowlkes–Mallows index, silhouette score, Calinski–Harabasz index, and Davies–Bouldin index. In addition, the contingency matrix and pair confusion matrix were employed to further substantiate the clustering results. The performance of the k-means algorithm was benchmarked against the affinity propagation and mean shift methods to validate its relative efficacy. These comparative results provide a robust justification for the chosen methodology and offer insights into the suitability of clustering algorithms for phase-only digital holographic image analysis.Read more

The paper represents Part 1 of 2 of the study aimed at constructing a semiclassical interaction potential between a pair of boron atoms in an analytical form, thus allowing one ab initio determination of the key ground state parameters of the diboron molecule B2. Based on semiclassical expressions for the electron orbitals of the B atom, the B–B potential function is reduced to a linear combination of exponential integrals, which can be calculated in elementary functions.